The rate of speed at which one is traveling will greatly determine the ability to process detail in the environment. In evolutionary terms, human senses are adapted to the speed at which humans move through space under their own power while walking. Our ability to distinguish detail in the environment is therefore ideally suited to movement at speeds of perhaps five miles per hour and under. The fastest users of the street, motorists, therefore have a much more limited ability to process details along the street ― a motorist simply has little time or ability to appreciate design details. On the other hand, pedestrian travel, being much slower, allows for the appreciation of environmental detail. Joggers and bicyclists fall somewhere in between these polar opposites; while they travel faster than pedestrians, their rate of speed is ordinarily much slower than that of the typical motorist.
밑줄 친 these polar opposites가 글 전체의 흐름에서 함의하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?
① the biological evolution of humans and the rapid advancement of transportation technology
② the maximum speed of a vehicle and the minimum speed required to maintain safety
③ a state of complete environmental awareness and a state of severe perceptual limitation
④ the physical fatigue from walking and the mental stress from driving a motor vehicle
⑤ the pedestrians who design the streets and the motorists who actually use them
[정답 및 해설]
- 정답: ③
- 해설: 표면적으로 'these polar opposites(양극단)'는 '보행자(가장 느림)'와 '운전자(가장 빠름)'를 가리킵니다. 하지만 이 문제에서는 한 차원 더 들어가, 이 두 집단이 상징하는 **'환경에 대한 완벽한 인지 상태(보행자)'**와 **'심각한 지각적 한계 상태(운전자)'**라는 추상적 개념을 찾아내야 합니다.
다음 글의 밑줄 친 (A)~(E) 중, 어법상 틀린 것을 모두 고른 것은?
The rate of speed (A) which one is traveling will greatly determine the ability to process detail in the environment. In evolutionary terms, human senses are adapted to the speed at which humans move through space under their own power while walking. Our ability to distinguish detail in the environment is therefore ideally suited to movement at speeds of perhaps five miles per hour and under. The fastest users of the street, motorists, therefore (B) having a much more limited ability to process details along the street ― a motorist simply has little time or ability to appreciate design details. On the other hand, pedestrian travel, (C) being much slower, allows for the appreciation of environmental detail. Joggers and bicyclists fall somewhere in between these polar opposites; while they travel faster than pedestrians, their rate of speed is ordinarily much slower than (D) that of the typical motorist.
① (A), (B) ② (A), (C) ③ (B), (D) ④ (A), (B), (C) ⑤ (B), (C), (D)
[정답 및 해설]
- 정답: ①
- 해설: 내신에서 가장 오답률이 높은 '모두 고르기(혹은 묶음)' 유형입니다.
- (A) which ➔ at which (또는 where): 뒤에 'one is traveling (at the speed)'라는 완전한 절이 오므로, 전치사+관계대명사 형태가 되어야 합니다.
- (B) having ➔ have: 이 문장의 주어는 'The fastest users ~ motorists'이고, 콤마(,) 뒤에 본동사가 와야 할 자리입니다. 따라서 현재분사 having이 아니라 복수형 동사 have가 되어야 합니다.
- (C) being: 주어(pedestrian travel)와 동사(allows) 사이에 삽입된 분사구문으로 올바릅니다. (As it is much slower ~)
- (D) that: 앞의 단수 명사 'rate of speed'를 대신 받는 지시대명사로 올바르게 쓰였습니다.
다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.
The rate of speed at which one is traveling will greatly determine ____________________________________. In evolutionary terms, human senses are adapted to the speed at which humans move through space under their own power while walking. Our ability to distinguish detail in the environment is therefore ideally suited to movement at speeds of perhaps five miles per hour and under. The fastest users of the street, motorists, therefore have a much more limited ability to process details along the street ― a motorist simply has little time or ability to appreciate design details. On the other hand, pedestrian travel, being much slower, allows for the appreciation of environmental detail. Joggers and bicyclists fall somewhere in between these polar opposites; while they travel faster than pedestrians, their rate of speed is ordinarily much slower than that of the typical motorist.
① the amount of physical energy consumed during the trip
② the ability to process detail in the environment
③ the likelihood of encountering unexpected obstacles
④ the evolutionary physical changes of human bodies
⑤ the emotional attachment one feels toward the destination
[정답 및 해설]
- 정답: ②
- 해설: 이 글의 대전제이자 주제문입니다. 이동하는 '속도(speed)'가 환경의 '세부 사항을 처리하는 능력(the ability to process detail)'을 크게 결정한다는 내용이 들어가야 뒤에 이어지는 진화론적 근거와 보행자/운전자의 예시를 모두 포괄할 수 있습니다.
The rate of speed at which one is traveling will greatly determine the ability to process detail in the environment. In evolutionary terms, human senses are adapted to the speed at which humans move through space under their own power while walking. Our ability to distinguish detail in the environment is therefore ideally suited to movement at speeds of perhaps five miles per hour and under. The fastest users of the street, motorists, therefore have a much more limited ability to process details along the street ― a motorist simply has little time or ability to appreciate design details. On the other hand, pedestrian travel, being much slower, allows for the appreciation of environmental detail. Joggers and bicyclists fall somewhere in between these polar opposites; while they travel faster than pedestrians, their rate of speed is ordinarily much slower than that of the typical motorist.
다음 글을 읽고, 밑줄 친 these polar opposites(이러한 양극단)가 문맥상 구체적으로 가리키는 두 가지 대상을 지문에서 찾아 영어로 쓰시오.
[조건]
- 본문에 쓰인 단어를 그대로 사용할 것 (변형 불가).
- 두 대상의 이름(명사)만 간략히 적을 것.
[정답 및 해설]
- 정답: motorists, pedestrians (또는 motorists, pedestrian travel)
- 출제 의도: '조깅하는 사람과 자전거 타는 사람은 이 양극단의 중간 어디쯤에 해당한다'고 했으므로, 양극단은 가장 빠른 **motorists(운전자들)**와 가장 느린 **pedestrians(보행자들)**를 의미합니다. 지문의 대조 구조를 정확히 파악했는지 묻는 단골 서술형입니다.
The rate of speed at which one is traveling will greatly determine the ability to process detail in the environment. In evolutionary terms, human senses are adapted to the speed at which humans move through space under their own power while walking. Our ability to distinguish detail in the environment is therefore ideally suited to movement at speeds of perhaps five miles per hour and under. The fastest users of the street, motorists, therefore have a much more limited ability to process details along the street ― a motorist simply has little time or ability to appreciate design details. On the other hand, pedestrian travel, being much slower, allows for the appreciation of environmental detail. Joggers and bicyclists fall somewhere in between these polar opposites; while they travel faster than pedestrians, their rate of speed is ordinarily much slower than that of the typical motorist.
지문의 내용에 근거하여, '자동차 운전자(motorists)가 거리의 세부 사항을 감상할 능력이 제한적인 이유'를 [조건]에 맞게 우리말로 구체적으로 서술하시오.
[조건]
- 지문에 등장하는 '진화론적 관점(evolutionary terms)'에 입각하여 작성할 것.
- '걷는 속도(walking)'와 '오감(senses)의 적응'이라는 맥락을 반드시 포함할 것.
정답:______________________________________________________________________
[정답 및 해설]
- 정답 (예시): 인간의 오감은 스스로의 힘으로 걷는 속도(시속 5마일 이하)에 적응하도록 진화했기 때문에, 그보다 훨씬 빠른 속도로 이동하는 자동차 운전자는 주변의 세부 사항을 처리할 생물학적 능력이나 시간이 부족하기 때문이다.
- 출제 의도: 단순히 "차가 너무 빨라서"라고 답하는 것을 방지하고, 필자가 제시한 핵심 근거인 '인간 감각의 진화론적 한계(걷는 속도에 최적화됨)'를 정확히 이해하고 있는지 평가하는 고난도 문제입니다.
글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.
On the other hand, pedestrian travel, being much slower, allows for the appreciation of environmental detail.
The rate of speed at which one is traveling will greatly determine the ability to process detail in the environment. In evolutionary terms, human senses are adapted to the speed at which humans move through space under their own power while walking. ( ① ) Our ability to distinguish detail in the environment is therefore ideally suited to movement at speeds of perhaps five miles per hour and under. ( ② ) The fastest users of the street, motorists, therefore have a much more limited ability to process details along the street. ( ③ ) A motorist simply has little time or ability to appreciate design details. ( ④ ) Joggers and bicyclists fall somewhere in between these polar opposites. ( ⑤ ) While they travel faster than pedestrians, their rate of speed is ordinarily much slower than that of the typical motorist.
[정답 및 해설]
- 정답: ④
- 해설: 주어진 문장은 '반면에(On the other hand), 걷는 것은 환경의 세부 사항을 감상하게 해준다'는 내용입니다. 이 문장은 가장 빠른 자동차 운전자(motorists)의 한계에 대한 설명(③번 뒤)이 끝난 직후이자, 두 극단(polar opposites)의 중간인 조깅하는 사람들에 대한 설명이 시작되기 바로 앞인 ④번에 들어가야 대조와 흐름이 완벽해집니다.
다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은?
The rate of speed at which one is traveling will greatly determine the ability to process detail in the environment. In evolutionary terms, human senses are ① adapted to the speed at which humans move through space under their own power while walking. Our ability to distinguish detail in the environment is therefore ideally suited to movement at speeds of perhaps five miles per hour and under. The fastest users of the street, motorists, therefore have a much more ② enhanced ability to process details along the street ― a motorist simply has little time or ability to appreciate design details. On the other hand, pedestrian travel, being much slower, allows for the ③ appreciation of environmental detail. Joggers and bicyclists fall somewhere in between these polar opposites; while they travel ④ faster than pedestrians, their rate of speed is ordinarily much ⑤ slower than that of the typical motorist.
[정답 및 해설]
- 정답: ② enhanced (향상된) ➔ limited (제한된)
- 해설: 운전자들은 이동 속도가 가장 빠르기 때문에 세부 사항을 처리할 능력이 향상되는(enhanced) 것이 아니라, 매우 '제한된다(limited)'고 해야 문맥상 올바릅니다. 대시(―) 뒤의 '시간이나 능력이 거의 없다(little time or ability)'는 표현이 결정적 힌트입니다.
다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
The rate of speed at which one is traveling will greatly determine the ability to process detail in the environment. In evolutionary terms, human senses are adapted to the speed at which humans move through space under their own power while walking. Our ability to distinguish detail in the environment is therefore ideally suited to movement at speeds of perhaps five miles per hour and under. The fastest users of the street, motorists, therefore have a much more limited ability to process details along the street ― a motorist simply has little time or ability to appreciate design details. On the other hand, pedestrian travel, being much slower, allows for the appreciation of environmental detail. Joggers and bicyclists fall somewhere in between these polar opposites; while they travel faster than pedestrians, their rate of speed is ordinarily much slower than that of the typical motorist.
According to the passage, our capacity to perceive environmental details is (A) ____________ related to our speed of travel; therefore, the faster we travel, the (B) ____________ we can appreciate our surroundings.
① (A) inversely / (B) more ② (A) directly / (B) more ③ (A) closely / (B) better ④ (A) inversely / (B) less ⑤ (A) randomly / (B) less
[정답 및 해설]
- 정답: ④
- 해설: 우리의 세부 사항 인지 능력은 이동 속도와 반비례적으로(inversely) 관련되어 있으며, 따라서 우리가 더 빨리 이동할수록 주변 환경을 덜(less) 감상하게 된다는 요약문입니다. (inversely related: 반비례 관계인 / directly related: 정비례 관계인)
다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
The rate of speed at which one is traveling will greatly determine the ability to process detail in the environment. In evolutionary terms, human senses are adapted to the speed at which humans move through space under their own power while walking. Our ability to distinguish detail in the environment is therefore ideally suited to movement at speeds of perhaps five miles per hour and under. The fastest users of the street, motorists, therefore have a much more limited ability to process details along the street ― a motorist simply has little time or ability to appreciate design details. On the other hand, pedestrian travel, being much slower, allows for the appreciation of environmental detail. Joggers and bicyclists fall somewhere in between these polar opposites; while they travel faster than pedestrians, their rate of speed is ordinarily much slower than that of the typical motorist.
Human perceptual capacity is biologically (A) ________ to the slow pace of walking, meaning that traveling at the high speeds typical of motorists severely (B) ________ our ability to observe environmental nuances.
① (A) restricted / (B) facilitates ② (A) tuned / (B) compromises ③ (A) exposed / (B) enhances ④ (A) tuned / (B) overestimates ⑤ (A) restricted / (B) hinders
[정답 및 해설]
- 정답: ②
- 해설: 본문의 "adapted to(~에 적응된/맞춰진)"를 동의어인 **tuned(조율된, 맞춰진)**로, "limited(제한적인)"라는 개념을 **compromises(~을 위태롭게 하다, 손상시키다)**라는 고급 어휘로 변형한 킬러 문항입니다. (nuance는 본문의 detail을 대체한 어휘입니다.) ⑤번의 restricted(제한된)는 (A)에 들어가기에 문맥상 적절하지 않습니다(걷는 속도에 '맞춰진' 것이지 '제한'당한 것이 아니므로).
The rate of speed at which one is traveling will greatly determine the ability to process detail in the environment. In evolutionary terms, human senses are adapted to the speed at which humans move through space under their own power while walking. Our ability to distinguish detail in the environment is therefore ideally suited to movement at speeds of perhaps five miles per hour and under. The fastest users of the street, motorists, therefore have a much more limited ability to process details along the street ― a motorist simply has little time or ability to appreciate design details. On the other hand, pedestrian travel, being much slower, allows for the appreciation of environmental detail. Joggers and bicyclists fall somewhere in between these polar opposites; while they travel faster than pedestrians, their rate of speed is ordinarily much slower than that of the typical motorist.
다음 글의 내용을 바탕으로, <질문>에 대한 대답을 [조건]에 맞게 영어로 작성하시오.
<질문> Why do motorists fail to fully appreciate the design details of the streets compared to pedestrians?
[조건]
- 아래 상자 안의 단어들을 모두 한 번씩만 사용할 것 (어형 변화 가능, 단어 추가 불가).
- 'Because'로 시작하는 부사절과 주절로 구성된 완전한 한 문장으로 쓸 것.
[주어진 단어] human / to / the pace of walking / sensory / evolve / their / exceed / vehicle / speed / adapt / system / because / driving
정답:__________________________________________________________________
[정답 및 해설]
- 정답: Because their driving speeds exceed the pace of walking to which human sensory systems have adapted. (또는 Because human sensory systems have evolved to adapt to the pace of walking, their driving speeds exceed it.) (※ 조건 내에서 의미가 완벽히 통하는 여러 변형이 가능하나, 출제 의도는 아래와 같습니다.)
- 가장 이상적인 모범 답안: Because their driving speeds exceed the pace of walking to which the human sensory system has evolved and adapted. (단어를 형태에 맞게 변형하여 조합하는 극악 난이도의 영작입니다.)
- 쉬운 버전의 정답(어형 변화 최소화): Because their vehicle driving speed exceeds the pace of walking to which human sensory systems adapted to evolve.
- 해설: 이 문제는 학생이 본문의 핵심 논리인 '인간 감각의 진화적 한계(보행 속도)'와 '자동차의 속도 초과'라는 두 개념을 영어 문장 구조 안에 완벽히 배열할 수 있는지를 묻습니다. 관계대명사 구조(to which)나 분사구문을 적절히 활용해야만 감점 없이 만점을 받을 수 있습니다.
다음 글에서 전체 흐름과 관계 없는 문장은?
The rate of speed at which one is traveling will greatly determine the ability to process detail in the environment. ( ① ) In evolutionary terms, human senses are adapted to the speed at which humans move through space under their own power while walking. ( ② ) Our ability to distinguish detail in the environment is therefore ideally suited to movement at speeds of perhaps five miles per hour and under. ( ③ ) The fastest users of the street, motorists, therefore have a much more limited ability to process details along the street. ( ④ ) To compensate for this limitation, modern vehicle designs increasingly focus on expanding the driver's field of vision through larger windshields and advanced sensor technologies. ( ⑤ ) On the other hand, pedestrian travel, being much slower, allows for the appreciation of environmental detail, with joggers and bicyclists falling somewhere in between these polar opposites.
[정답 및 해설]
- 정답: ④
- 해설: 아주 매력적인 오답을 섞은 무관한 문장 찾기입니다. 이 글은 철저하게 '이동 속도'와 '인간의 생물학적 인지 능력' 사이의 반비례 관계를 설명하고 있습니다. ④번 문장은 "이러한 한계를 보완하기 위해 자동차 디자인과 센서 기술이 발전하고 있다"는 내용인데, 단어가 앞뒤 문맥(limitation)과 자연스럽게 이어지는 것처럼 보이지만 '기술적 해결책'은 이 글의 진화론적/속도 중심적 주제와 완전히 벗어난 이야기입니다.
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